Footnotes

1. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Courses.docx, internal training document, Center for Equine Awareness, accessed 2025.
2. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Courses.docx; Author-provided material, Classical Principles for Course.docx, internal training documents, Center for Equine Awareness, accessed 2025.
3. Andrew N. McLean and Janne W. Christensen, “The Application of Learning Theory in Horse Training,”Applied Animal Behaviour Science (2017); “Classical Horsemanship: 20 Accessible Academic Sources for Your Copilot Notebook,” internal bibliography, accessed 2025.
4. German National Equestrian Federation,The Principles of Riding: Basic Training for Horse and Rider (Kenilworth Press, 2005); German National Equestrian Federation, Advanced Techniques for Dressage (Kenilworth Press, 2003).
5. Madeleine Silver, “6 Elements of Classical Riding Every Rider Should Know,”Horse & Hound, July 30, 2017.
6. German National Equestrian Federation,The Principles of Riding; Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, 21st ed., effective January 1, 2003.  ,
7. German National Equestrian Federation,Advanced Techniques for Dressage; International Society for Equitation Science, ISES Training Principles Poster in Pictures (2017).  , [ISES_Train…n Pictures | PDF], [ISES Princ…oster-2017 | PDF]
8. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx, internal training document, Center for Equine Awareness, accessed 2025; Author-provided material, Equestrian Glossary without Index.doc, internal training document, accessed 2025.  ,
9. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx, internal training document, Center for Equine Awareness, accessed 2025.
10. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx.
11. German National Equestrian Federation,The Principles of Riding; Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, art. 401–416.  ,
12. International Society for Equitation Science,ISES Training Principles Poster in Pictures; International Society for Equitation Science, First Principles of Horse Training poster (2017). [ISES_Train…n Pictures | PDF], [ISES Princ…oster-2017 | PDF]
13. Andrew N. McLean and Janne W. Christensen, “The Application of Learning Theory in Horse Training”; C. R. Heleski, “What Is ‘Science’? Benefits and Limitations,” inISES 2017 Down Under Proceedings (Wagga Wagga: Charles Sturt University, 2017).  [ISES 2017…roceedings | PDF]
14. Natalie Waran and Paul McGreevy, “Using the Five Domains Model to Assess the Impact of Husbandry and Equitation Procedures on Horse Welfare,” inISES 2017 Down Under Proceedings; N. Waran, P. McGreevy, and R. A. Casey, “Training Methods and Horse Welfare,” in N. Waran, ed., The Welfare of Horses (Springer, 2004).   [ISES 2017…roceedings | PDF]
15. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical dressage is a gymnastic training method.docx, internal training document, Center for Equine Awareness, accessed 2025; Author-provided material, Equestrian Glossary without Index.doc.  ,   
16. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, art. 402–405.  ,
17. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical dressage is a gymnastic training method.docx; Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, art. 401–403.  ,   
18. Andrew N. McLean and Janne W. Christensen, “The Application of Learning Theory in Horse Training”;ISES 2017 Down Under Proceedings, ed. Hayley Randle et al.   [ISES 2017…roceedings | PDF]
19. International Society for Equitation Science,ISES Training Principles Poster in Pictures; International Society for Equitation Science, ISES Principles Poster 2017 (ISES Principles Poster-2017.pdf). [ISES_Train…n Pictures | PDF], [ISES Princ…oster-2017 | PDF]
20. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical dressage is a gymnastic training method.docx; Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, definition of contact and “on the bit.”  ,   
21. Hilary M. Clayton, Rebecca MacKechnie‑Guire, and S. J. Hobbs, “Riders’ Effects on Horses, Biomechanical Principles with Examples from the Literature,”Animals 13, no. 24 (2023): 3854,  Author-provided material, Equestrian Glossary without Index.doc.
22. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical dressage is a gymnastic training method.docx; Author-provided material, Equestrian Glossary without Index.doc; Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, art. 404–405.  ,   ,
23. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Courses.docx; Author-provided material, Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx.
24. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx (sections on straightness and in‑hand work); Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, art. 411–412.  ,
25. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical dressage is a gymnastic training method.docx (straightness and collection).
26. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx; Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, art. 416.   ,
27. Author-provided material,Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx (discussion of relative versus absolute elevation); Josef Knipp, “The Art of Classic Dressage Training,” Dressage Today, August 21, 2013, updated February 13, 2017.
28. Hilary M. Clayton and S. J. Hobbs, “The Role of Biomechanical Analysis of Horse and Rider in Equitation Science,”Applied Animal Behaviour Science 190 (2017): 123–132; Clayton, MacKechnie‑Guire, and Hobbs, “Riders’ Effects on Horses.”
29. Author-provided material,Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx; S. Verda‑Zanatta, “Mounted Exercises to Improve Rider Seat and Effectiveness,” Horse Journals, 2025.
30. Verda‑Zanatta, “Mounted Exercises to Improve Rider Seat and Effectiveness”; Author-provided material,Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx.
31. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx (in‑hand exercises); International Society for Equitation Science, ISES Training Principles Poster in Pictures; International Society for Equitation Science, ISES Principles Poster 2017. , [ISES_Train…n Pictures | PDF], [ISES Princ…oster-2017 | PDF]
32. ISES 2017 Down Under Proceedings; McLean and Christensen, “The Application of Learning Theory in Horse Training.”[ISES 2017…roceedings | PDF]
33. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Author-provided material, Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx.
34. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Course.docx; Fédération Équestre Internationale, Rules for Dressage Events, art. 407–410.  ,
35. Knipp, “The Art of Classic Dressage Training”; Author-provided material,Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx.
36. Natalie Waran, “Through Their Eyes: The Challenge of Assessing Equine Emotional State,” inISES 2017 Down Under Proceedings; Paul McGreevy, “Using the Five Domains Model to Assess the Impact of Husbandry and Equitation Procedures on Horse Welfare,” in the same volume. [ISES 2017…roceedings | PDF]
37. International Society for Equitation Science,ISES Training Principles Poster in Pictures; Waran, McGreevy, and Casey, “Training Methods and Horse Welfare,” in The Welfare of Horses. [ISES_Train…n Pictures | PDF]
38. Author-provided material,Classical Principles for Courses.docx; Author-provided material, Classical Riding Principles Outline for CEA Course.docx.